{"id":335,"date":"2024-10-12T10:11:35","date_gmt":"2024-10-12T02:11:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alexlee.fun\/?p=335"},"modified":"2024-10-12T10:11:36","modified_gmt":"2024-10-12T02:11:36","slug":"50%e7%a7%8d%e8%ae%a4%e7%9f%a5%e5%81%8f%e5%b7%ae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alexlee.fun\/?p=335","title":{"rendered":"50\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u504f\u5dee"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p id=\"uc69091f3\"><strong>\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u601d\u7ef4\u504f\u5dee\uff08Counterfactual Thinking Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u60f3\u8c61\u5982\u679c\u505a\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4f1a\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u540e\u6094\u6216\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u786e\u8ba4\u504f\u5dee\uff08Confirmation Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5bfb\u627e\u548c\u89e3\u8bfb\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u5df2\u6709\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5ffd\u7565\u53cd\u5bf9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u951a\u5b9a\u6548\u5e94\uff08Anchoring Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u51b3\u7b56\u65f6\u8fc7\u5206\u4f9d\u8d56\u521d\u59cb\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u540e\u7eed\u4fe1\u606f\u66f4\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u4ecd\u96be\u4ee5\u6446\u8131\u6700\u521d\u5370\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u73b0\u72b6\u504f\u5dee\uff08Status Quo Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4fdd\u6301\u73b0\u6709\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6539\u53d8\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u635f\u5931\u538c\u6076\uff08Loss Aversion\uff09<\/strong><br>\u4eba\u4eec\u66f4\u5bb3\u6015\u635f\u5931\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u671f\u5f85\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u907f\u514d\u635f\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u8c2c\u8bef\uff08Sunk Cost Fallacy\uff09<\/strong><br>\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u633d\u56de\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u6295\u5165\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ee7\u7eed\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u5df2\u65e0\u52a9\u4e8e\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u81ea\u6211\u670d\u52a1\u504f\u5dee\uff08Self-serving Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u5c06\u6210\u529f\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5c06\u5931\u8d25\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a7\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6846\u67b6\u6548\u5e94\uff08Framing Effect\uff09<\/strong><br>\u540c\u6837\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6216\u95ee\u9898\u56e0\u63aa\u8f9e\u6216\u8868\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u51b3\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u53ef\u5f97\u6027\u542f\u53d1\uff08Availability Heuristic\uff09<\/strong><br>\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u6839\u636e\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u60f3\u8d77\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6765\u4f30\u8ba1\u67d0\u4e8b\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u89c6\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u7fa4\u4f53\u601d\u7ef4\uff08Groupthink\uff09<\/strong><br>\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u4e2d\u4e3a\u4e86\u548c\u8c10\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u538b\u6291\u771f\u5b9e\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u51b3\u7b56\u5931\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e8b\u540e\u504f\u5dee\uff08Hindsight Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8fc7\u5ea6\u81ea\u4fe1\u6548\u5e94\uff08Overconfidence Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u4eba\u4eec\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u9ad8\u4f30\u81ea\u5df1\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u548c\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u542f\u53d1\uff08Representativeness Heuristic\uff09<\/strong><br>\u6839\u636e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5178\u578b\u6027\u800c\u505a\u51fa\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u7edf\u8ba1\u6982\u7387\u548c\u5ba2\u89c2\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6c89\u9ed8\u7684\u87ba\u65cb\uff08Spiral of Silence\uff09<\/strong><br>\u5c11\u6570\u6d3e\u610f\u89c1\u56e0\u5bb3\u6015\u5b64\u7acb\u800c\u4e0d\u6562\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e3b\u6d41\u610f\u89c1\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5f3a\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u5f52\u56e0\u504f\u5dee\uff08Attribution Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u89e3\u91ca\u4ed6\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u65f6\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4eba\u7279\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u89c6\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u5149\u73af\u6548\u5e94\uff08Halo Effect\uff09<\/strong><br>\u5bf9\u67d0\u4eba\u6216\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u4f18\u70b9\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u5176\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u4ea7\u751f\u6b63\u9762\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0\u9884\u8a00\uff08Self-fulfilling Prophecy\uff09<\/strong><br>\u5bf9\u67d0\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u9884\u671f\u5bfc\u81f4\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u9884\u671f\u7ed3\u679c\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u57fa\u7840\u7387\u5ffd\u89c6\uff08Base Rate Neglect\uff09<\/strong><br>\u5728\u5224\u65ad\u6982\u7387\u65f6\u5ffd\u89c6\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6216\u4e2a\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u5e78\u5b58\u8005\u504f\u5dee\uff08Survivorship Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u5173\u6ce8\u6210\u529f\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u800c\u5ffd\u89c6\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u8bef\u5224\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u7a00\u7f3a\u6027\u504f\u5dee\uff08Scarcity Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7a00\u7f3a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u66f4\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u54ea\u6015\u8fd9\u79cd\u7a00\u7f3a\u6027\u662f\u4eba\u4e3a\u5236\u9020\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u53cd\u5e94\u6027\u504f\u5dee\uff08Reactance Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u5f53\u4e2a\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u53d7\u9650\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u91c7\u53d6\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u504f\u597d\u53cd\u8f6c\uff08Preference Reversal\uff09<\/strong><br>\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u9009\u9879\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u504f\u597d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9009\u9879\u672c\u8d28\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e50\u89c2\u504f\u5dee\uff08Optimism Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u4eba\u4eec\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u9ad8\u4f30\u672a\u6765\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4f4e\u4f30\u8d1f\u9762\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u865a\u5047\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u6548\u5e94\uff08False Consensus Effect\uff09<\/strong><br>\u9ad8\u4f30\u4ed6\u4eba\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u89c2\u70b9\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u865a\u5047\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u6548\u5e94\uff08False Uniqueness Effect\uff09<\/strong><br>\u4f4e\u4f30\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6216\u54c1\u8d28\u662f\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u9ad8\u5cf0\u7ec8\u7ed3\u6cd5\u5219\uff08Peak-End Rule\uff09<\/strong><br>\u4eba\u4eec\u6839\u636e\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u9ad8\u6f6e\u548c\u7ed3\u5c3e\u6765\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6574\u4f53\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e2d\u95f4\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6f14\u5458-\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u504f\u5dee\uff08Actor-Observer Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u89e3\u91ca\u4ed6\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u65f6\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u7279\u8d28\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u81ea\u5df1\u884c\u4e3a\u65f6\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u60c5\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u60c5\u611f\u542f\u53d1\uff08Affect Heuristic\uff09<\/strong><br>\u6839\u636e\u60c5\u611f\u53cd\u5e94\uff08\u559c\u6b22\u6216\u538c\u6076\uff09\u6765\u505a\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f9d\u636e\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u5149\u811a\u6548\u5e94\uff08Backfire Effect\uff09<\/strong><br>\u5f53\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u4e0e\u5df2\u6709\u89c2\u70b9\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u66f4\u52a0\u575a\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u98ce\u9669\u89c4\u907f\u504f\u5dee\uff08Risk Aversion Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u9762\u5bf9\u6536\u76ca\u65f6\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u907f\u514d\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u635f\u5931\u65f6\u5219\u66f4\u613f\u610f\u5192\u9669\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u635f\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u538c\u6076\u635f\u5931\u6548\u5e94\uff08Endowment Effect\uff09<\/strong><br>\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u8d4b\u4e88\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7269\u54c1\u65e0\u5b9e\u9645\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u719f\u6089\u6027\u504f\u5dee\uff08Familiarity Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u9009\u62e9\u81ea\u5df1\u719f\u6089\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53bb\u5c1d\u8bd5\u65b0\u7684\u6216\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u7b2c\u4e00\u5370\u8c61\u504f\u5dee\uff08Primacy Effect\uff09<\/strong><br>\u6700\u521d\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u5927\uff0c\u540e\u7eed\u4fe1\u606f\u8f83\u96be\u6539\u53d8\u6700\u521d\u5370\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8fd1\u56e0\u6548\u5e94\uff08Recency Effect\uff09<\/strong><br>\u6700\u8fd1\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6bd4\u8f83\u65e9\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5bf9\u8bb0\u5fc6\u6216\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u66f4\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6548\u5e94\uff08Contrast Effect\uff09<\/strong><br>\u5728\u8bc4\u4f30\u67d0\u4e00\u4e8b\u7269\u65f6\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u8fdb\u884c\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u72ec\u770b\u5f85\u8be5\u4e8b\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u9a6c\u592a\u6548\u5e94\uff08Matthew Effect\uff09<\/strong><br>\u6210\u529f\u8005\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5931\u8d25\u8005\u5219\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u5229\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6108\u53d1\u56f0\u96be\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u601d\u7ef4\u60ef\u6027\uff08Cognitive Inertia\uff09<\/strong><br>\u4eba\u4eec\u575a\u6301\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u65b0\u4fe1\u606f\u6216\u6539\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u65f6\u95f4\u6298\u6263\u6548\u5e94\uff08Temporal Discounting Bias\uff09<\/strong><br>\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u9009\u62e9\u5373\u65f6\u5956\u52b1\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u89c6\u672a\u6765\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8ba1\u5212\u8c2c\u8bef\uff08Planning Fallacy\uff09<\/strong><br>\u4f4e\u4f30\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u52a1\u6240\u9700\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4efb\u52a1\u8d85\u65f6\u6216\u8d85\u652f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e60\u5f97\u6027\u65e0\u52a9\uff08Learned Helplessness\uff09<\/strong><br>\u7531\u4e8e\u957f\u671f\u7ecf\u5386\u5931\u8d25\u6216\u632b\u6298\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u653e\u5f03\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u672a\u6765\u6709\u6210\u529f\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u518d\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u5fb7\u745e\u514b\u6548\u5e94\uff08Dunning-Kruger 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